
Aquaculture Budget Cuts
As published in Aquaculture Magazine – March/April 2005
On February 23, 2005 the National Aquaculture Association (NAA) sent out an alert by email to their subscribers and members announcing the proposed cuts to aquaculture research in the 2006 Federal Budget. According to NAA, the intended cuts in the United States Department of Agriculture – Agriculture Research Service (USDA ARS) discretionary budget totals almost 20 million dollars and directly approximately 14 research facilities.
This is not good news for many of these centers, as budgets and grant dollars have fallen over the past few years and it’s definitely not encouraging for the aquaculture industry as a whole.
World populations are growing and the demand for fish protein increases with each passing year, it is estimated that by 2025 demand will double. Here in the United States, since 1985 through 2000, per capita consumption of seafood rose by 25%. The US trade deficit has grown exponentially in the last few years and seafood imports are third only to petroleum and automobiles at approximately $7 billion. Only 10% of seafood consumed domestically is produced in the US and our aquaculture production ranks 10th in the world. Next to Japan, the US is the largest importer of seafood.
Adding to the equation, over the last 30 years, wild seafood catch has steadily declined. It is now widely accepted that commercial catch totals have peaked and are now leveling off. In 2000, reports show 95.5 million tons of fish were harvested worldwide and by 2002 that total dropped to 93.2 million tons. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) reports nearly 70% of commercial marine species are now either in danger of becoming or at extinction levels.
Overall, it is predicted that aquaculture will need to quadruple production in the next 20 years to keep up with world demand. For US aquaculture to compete in the domestic market and/or world markets much more research and development will need to take place in the areas of fish health, feed/nutrition, genetic integrity, water quality, land and water conservation, waste utilization, shellfish bed restoration, marketing, food safety, and research and implementation methods to improve the marine and coastal environments.
At the time of the writing of this feature, there are efforts being made to reverse the proposed cuts. Representatives Judd Gregg R-NH, and Jim Nussle R-IA, separately have initiated hearings on the proposed budget for legislators to consider before ratification during the month of April. We also urge people in the industry to contact your congressman or senator to voice your concern over these cuts.
If the FY 2006 USDA ARS discretionary budget is allowed to stand as proposed, it will, for all intents and purposes, severely cripple or terminate many valuable research initiatives and programs. There will also be many people negatively impacted with the loss of jobs, tenure, and educational opportunities. The efforts of many dedicated researchers and educators along with numerous programs have been the source of solutions for disease, genetic instability, and have proven the worth of research costs in the recovery of wild fish stocks and production of food fish. Additionally, it is estimated that over 180,000 jobs at approximately 4,000 fish farms in the US generate almost $1 billion in annual revenue.
To understand where the funding for aquaculture research and development comes from and the gravity of the proposed budget cuts it is helpful to be aware of the history of how land grant colleges and programs were initiated, protected, and supported over almost 145 years of United States history.
History of Land Grant Colleges and the USDA
In the early years of the colonies, colleges and universities followed a decidedly European structure. Education was reserved for the rich or well connected of the population. Harvard, Yale, and William and Mary were the primary higher education facilities and all universities/colleges were privately owned. Shortly after the Revolutionary War, the new government began to establish publicly owned universities and colleges but again, they were only accessible to the male leisure classes, government leaders and professions such as doctors, lawyers, engineers, and theological scholars.
Agriculture science and related research were not represented in the halls of higher learning until a Yale graduate, farmer, newspaper editor and Illinois College professor by the name of Jonathan Baldwin Turner started a campaign to include the study of agriculture in colleges and universities. Turner, who was compelled to champion the needs of the working class, and in support of the growing movement of his contemporaries, wrote and presented the "Plan for a State University for the Industrial Classes," and presented it in 1850. In his paper he laid out the plans for much of the basis of how land grant colleges are organized today, and especially in how experimental research is supported.
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